Research Paper
PROBLEMS
AND PROSPECTS OF BUFFALO REARING IN BAKSHIGONJ UPAZILA OF JAMALPUR DRISTRICT
Submitted to
Chairman, Board Final Examination, DVM Internship
Programm 2021
&
Dean,Faculty of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical
Sciences.
In partial fulfillment of Requirement for completion of Internship( DVM
Level-5 Semester 1&2)
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100
Submitted By :
MD. MOSHAROF HOSEN
ID NO :1601034, Registration No : 3064,Session :
2015-16
Faculty of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences
Sylhet Agricultural University,Sylhet-3100.
December 2022
A REPORT ON
PROBLEMS
AND PROSPECTS OF BUFFALO REARING IN BAKSHIGONJ UPAZILA OF JAMALPUR DRISTRICT
Submitted to
Chairman, Board Final Examination, DVM Internship
Programm 2021
&
Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical
Sciences
In partial fulfillment of
Requirement for completion of Internship (DVM Level-5 Semester 1&2)
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100.
Submitted By :
MD MOSHAROF HOSEN
ID NO :1601034,Registration No : 3064,Session :
2015-16
Faculty of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences
Sylhet Agricultural University,Sylhet-3100.
APPROVED
AS TO STYLE AND CONTENT BY
………………………………………
Supervisor
Professor Dr. Md. Nazmul Haque
Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding
Faculty of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences
Sylhet Agricultural University,Sylhet-3100.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author remembers the almighty “Allah the
omnipotent and omniscient complete this
assignment and manuscript. I feel extreme pleasure to express my deepest sense
of gratitude and best regards to my supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Nazmul
Haque, Department of
Genetics and Animal Breeding , Faculty of
Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural
University, Sylhet-3100, for his valuable advice, scholastic guidance,
ingenious suggestions and constant inspiration for successful completion of
this study assignment. I am thankful to chairman,Board Final Examination of my
internship program 2021 & Professor Dr. M. Rashed Hasnath. a, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and
Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100.I wish to
express my appreciation and gratitude to the various authors and and publishers
for using their books for collecting various information.
The Author
December, 2022
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LIST
OF FIGURES |
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Fig No |
Name of the figure |
Page No |
|
Figure
: 1 |
Map of Jamalpur District |
3 |
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Figure
: 2 |
Map of
Bakshiganj Upazila |
3 |
|
Figure
: 3 |
Total buffalo population in the world and Asia |
12 |
|
Figure
: 4 |
Overall diseases status of buffaloes in some regions of Bangladesh |
18 |
|
LIST
OF TABLES |
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|
Table No |
Name of the table |
Page No |
|
Table 1 |
Profile of the farmers |
9 |
|
Table 2 |
Housing and feeding management practices |
10 |
|
Table 3 |
Breeding management
practices |
10 |
|
Table
4 |
Health care
practices |
11 |
|
Table 5 |
Cost and returns from buffalo rearing |
11 |
|
Table 6 |
Impact of buffalo rearing on livelihood
activities. |
11 |
|
Table 7 |
Buffalo Population in Bangladesh |
13 |
|
Table
8 |
Buffalo Population in Bakshigonj Upazilla |
13 |
|
Table 9 |
Buffalo Population in
union of Bakshigonj Upazilla |
13 |
ABSTRACT
A field survey was
conducted to investigate the problem and prospect of buffaloes rearing along
with profitability analysis of buffalo rearing at Bakshiganj upazila of
Jamalpur district. The data were collected during April to June 2022 from 60
buffalo keepers randomly selected from four unions of Bakshiganj upazila
through pre-tested and pre-designed interview schedule. Buffalo rearing was
practiced by the middle (30-40 years) aged farmers (51.7%) and almost three
fourth of the farmers were illiterate. Buffalo keepers (40%) had medium sized
family and belonged to small category of farmers (50%). Farmers usually
purchased one pair of buffaloes and reared for 2 years but they (86.7%) reared
buffaloes as their family heritage without any training.Majority of the farmers
reared crossbred buffaloes having herd size of 4-10 buffaloes. Buffalo houses
were constructed by straw (63.4%), tin (28.3%) and only 8.3% half building.
Buffaloes were fed usually with locally available river side grasses and
concentrate feeding was not found in majority of cases (75%). Natural service
was the major practice for breeding of their buffaloes. The most prevalent
disease is foot and mouth disease although buffaloes were affected by others.
Most of the farmers (66.7%) performed wallowing of their buffaloes once a day.
Yearly expenditure, gross income and net income were Tk. 9570, Tk. 26400 and
Tk. 16830; respectively indicating that buffalo rearing is highly profitable in
Bakshiganj. The annual food and cloth purchasing capacity of the buffalo
farmers were found to be increased to 65.60 and 57.24%, respectively along with
other parameters. The findings of this study clearly indicated that the buffalo
rearing was more profitable and also find out some problems like Scarcity of
quality feeds, fodder and pasture land, lack of proper knowledge about buffalo
rearing, Lack of high yielding buffalo breed, Non-availability of proven bulls
and Lack of technical skills about buffalo production of farm holders.
Keywords:
buffalo rearing; farmer’s profile; rearing profit; livelihood improvement;
management practices; cost-benefit, rearing problems .
|
TABLE
OF CONTENTS |
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|
CHAPTER |
TITLE |
PAGE NO. |
|
|
|
AKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………... |
I |
|
|
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………... |
II |
||
|
LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………… |
II |
||
|
ABSTRACT………………………………………………….. |
III |
||
|
CHAPTER 1 |
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………. |
1-2 |
|
|
OBJECTIVES ………………………………………….……. |
2 |
||
|
CHAPTER 2 |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
3-4 |
|
|
2.1 |
Study site and
farmers’ selection…………………..… |
3 |
|
|
2.2 |
Preparation of
interview schedule and data collection.. |
4 |
|
|
2.3 |
Statistical
analysis of data……………………………. |
4 |
|
|
CHAPTER 3 |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
5 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
Profile of the
farmers………………………………… |
5 |
|
3.2 |
Buffalo herd
composition and duration of rearing…… |
6 |
|
|
3.3 |
Housing of buffaloes………………………………… |
6 |
|
|
3.4 |
Breeding practices…………………………………… |
6 |
|
|
3.5 |
Health care
practices………………………………… |
7 |
|
|
3.6 |
Economics of buffalo
rearing ……………………….. |
7 |
|
|
3.6.1 |
Cost of
buffaloes…………………………………….. |
7 |
|
|
3.6.2 |
Rearing cost
of buffaloes…………………………...... |
7 |
|
|
3.6.3 |
Income from
buffalo rearing…………………………. |
8 |
|
|
3.6.4 |
Livelihood
improvement of buffalo farmers……….… |
8 |
|
|
3.7 |
Buffalo population …………………………………… |
12-13 |
|
|
3.8 |
Opportunities of dairy buffalo development…………. |
14 |
|
|
3.9 |
Problem of buffalo production…………………….…. |
15-18 |
|
|
CHAPTER 4 |
CONCLUCION AND RECOMMENDATION |
20 |
|
|
REFERENCES……………………………………………….. |
21-23 |
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|
APPENDIX…………………………………………………... |
24 |
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Buffalo is a multipurpose domestic animal that helps
the livelihood of peopleby providing high quality milk and meat, dung as fuel
and organic fertilizer; mechanical or draft power and hides and skins as raw
material for industry Irshad, A et al (2011), Numerous attempts have been done worldwide to enhance
and take advantage of the production and reproduction of buffaloes, who are
fast becoming one of the most fascinating domestic animals in the world. Three
types, including River, Swamp, and Swamp River, as well as 19 breeds, are
dispersed at random in 40 nations around the world, including Bangladesh,
according to the genotypes of buffaloes and their relationship to production
features (Cockrill WR (1982) & FAOSTAT) (2012). Das GK, Khan FA (2010) describe
the buffalo as a triple-purpose animal that supplies milk, meat, and mechanical
power. It has played a significant role in livestock agriculture in Asia for
more than 5000 years. AS Nanda and T Nakao (2003). Buffalo is the second-largest source of milk in the
world, and in 2012, 13% of the world's milk was produced there. Bangladesh has
generated less than 1% of the world's buffalo milk, compared to India and
Pakistan, which produce 67% and 24%, respectively FAOSTAT (2012).
They are also a significant supply of meat from wasted
and surplus animals, in addition to dairy buffaloes. Buffalo contribute 1.3% of
all meat produced globally, 24.4% in India, and 26.9% in Pakistan. Qureshi MS,
Khan S, Ihsanullah, and Durrani FR; Suhail SM; (2009). DLS (2013) and FAO estimate that Bangladesh has 1.62
million buffalo, and these animals produce 3500 and 22400 metric tons of meat
and milk, respectively, per year (2010). The Bovidae family, which includes all
buffaloes, is separated into two subspecies: river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis
bubalis) and swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabensis), according to Borghese
A and Mazzi M. (2005). Buffaloes
are large ruminants that serve a variety of functions, including providing a
significant amount of high-quality animal protein (meat and milk) for human
consumption, draught power and transportation for crops, dung as fuel and
organic fertilizer, livelihood and nutrition for underprivileged households,
and hides and skin as a source of raw materials for industry. TP Robinson
(2011), Conchedda G, See L, et al., Niveena BM, and Kiran M (2014). In
Bangladesh, the proportion of buffalo milk produced is only 1.4%, compared to
51.2% in India, 59.5% in Pakistan, 66.6% in Nepal, and 18.0% in Sri Lanka. FAO
(2014). (2014). Faruque MO and Siddiky MNA (2017). Faruque MO and Siddiky MNA
(2017). D. Chowdhury (2019).
The domesticated water buffalo is frequently described
to as the "living tractor of the East" since it is used for both
transportation and agriculture in many Asian countries. Qureshi MS, Khan S,
Ihsanullah, and Durrani FR; Suhail SM; (2009). Only 1.485 million buffaloes,
largely of indigenous origin, are present in Bangladesh. Both the swamp and
river species can be found there. Rahman A, Hossain KM, Hamid MA, Zaman MA, and
(2017). DLS (2019). (2019). Nevertheless, despite its significance for the
national economy and the life of smallholder farmers, the production of buffalo
has traditionally been ignored. Hamid MA, Ahmed S, Rahman MA, and Hossain KM
(2016), Hamid MA, Siddiky MNA (2016).The major problems of buffalo farmers in
Bangladesh have been reported to be lack of feeds and fodder, lack of grazing
land, lack of fresh water during flood, lack of veterinary medical facilities,
lack of high quality breeds, lack of natural service and AI and lack of
government support. Islam S,
Nahar TN, Begum J, Deb GK, Khatun M and Mustafa A et al (2017). According
to reports, the biggest issues facing buffalo farmers in Bangladesh include a
shortage of feeds and fodder, grazing pasture, fresh water during floods,
veterinary medical facilities, high-quality breeds, natural services,
artificial intelligence, and government support. Islam S, Mustafa A, Nahar TN,
Begum J, Deb GK, and others (2017).
OBJECTIVES :
· To find out the problems of buffalo Rearing.
· To
know the prospects of buffalo rearing.
.CHAPTER 2
METERIALS AND METHODS
The
methodology to be followed for the proposed study is as follows.
2.1. Study site and farmers’
selection
The study was conducted
at four unions of Bakshigonj upazila of
Jamalpur district in Bangladesh (Figure 1). A total of 60 farmers from four
unions namely Dhanua (25), Bogarchar (15), Battajore (10), Sadhurpara (10) were
selected. Farmers who had at least two buffaloes were involved in this study.
Fig
1 : Map of Jamalpur District Fig
2 : Map of Bakshiganj Upazila
2.2. Preparation of interview
schedule and data collection
A
structured interview schedule was carefully prepared based on the objectives of
the study. The questionnaire contained in the schedule was simple, direct and
easily understandable by the respondents. The schedule contained open and
closed form of questions. The draft interview schedule was pre-tested in the
selected areas and modified accordingly. Data were collected during the period
of April 2022 to June 2022 through face to face interview from individual
buffalo farmers. Before making interview, the objectives of the study were
explained clearly to the respondents. Then the questions were asked in a very
simple manner with explanation wherever necessary. To collect necessary
information from the respondents both interviewing and observation were
applied.
2.3. Proximate
analysis of available feedstuffs
Proximate analysis
of some locally available feeds and fodders fed to buffaloes were done by
Upozila livestock office, Bakshiganj, Jamalpur.
Representative
samples of feeds and fodder were collected from the selected areas, mixed
thoroughly, dried, grinded by grinding machine) and estimated CP (crude
protein), CF (crude fiber), EE (ether extract), NFE (nitrogen free extract) and
ash of feeds and fodder.
2.4.
Statistical analysis of data
Collected data
from the farmers were checked and cross checked before transferring to the
master sheets. The data was analyzed through MS Excel 2007.
CHAPTER 3
3. RESULTS
3.1. Profile of the farmers
The findings (Table 1)
revealed that about half (51.7%) of the buffalo farmers were middle aged (30-40
years) since they played a major role in income generation for the family
followed by old aged (25%) and young aged (23.3%) farmers. Kabir et al. (2020)
reported that buffalo rearing was practiced by farmers (47.5%) in the age group
of 31-45 years in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Three fourth of the farmers
can’t read and write, and there were no degree passed or Hon’s passed farmer in
the study area. About 40% farmers family size was medium (5-7 persons per
family). Almost half of the farmers (50%) belonged to small category (0.20-1.0
acres land) of farmers. The highest percentages of the surveyed farmers (50%)
were engaged in agriculture including rearing other livestock (Table 1). Most
of the farmers (86.7%) practiced buffalo rearing without any training as their
family profession and/or by the influence of neighboring buffalo farmers but
rest of the farmers (13.3%) took different training on livestock at a short
time course by NGO, upazila livestock office etc. on poultry farm management,
small scale rural goat farming. The present findings are in accordance with the
observation of Siddiki et al. (2015) who reported that more than three
fourth of the farmers at Lalpur upazila of Natore district practiced buffalo
rearing as their family heritage and rest of them were influenced by the
neighboring farmers. There were 41.7% farmers who used own capital and rest of
them managed capital having loan from bank or NGOs like Action for Social
Advancement (ASA), Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) etc. to and
other sources for purchasing and/or rearing buffaloes. Majority (65%) of the
farmers took bank loan to purchase their buffaloes and rest of them were used
their own capital to rear buffaloes in Bagerhat district (Sarkar et al., 2013).
Considering the purchasing ability of farmers, highest percentage (58%) of the
farmers purchased two buffaloes at a time for rearing and draught purpose.
3.2. Buffalo
herd composition and duration of rearing
About 18.3% and
15% of farmers had herd sizes of 1-3 and over 10, respectively, & the
majority (66.7%) of the herds consisted of 4–10 buffaloes. Crossbred buffaloes
were raised by more than half (56.7%) of the farmers, followed by indigenous
(33.3%) and mixed indigenous and crossbred buffaloes (10%). Most of the farmers
who were surveyed kept buffaloes for 2 years.
3.3. Housing of
buffaloes
A
few number (8.3%) of the buffalo keepers provided half building shed where
91.7% of the farmers used tin shed and straw shed for housing their buffaloes
(Table 2). Highest percentage of the farmers (70%) provided open house followed
by closed house (30%). In another region of the country, Uddin et al.
(2012), observed that highest percentage of the dairy cattle farmers (77.5%)
provided open house, 22.5% provided closed and semi-closed house. Significantly
higher (86.7%) percentage of the respondents had kutcha floor in their
buffaloes shed and about 83.3% had drainage channel. These findings are in line
with the observations of Rahman et al. (2018) who reported that some
farmers constructed floor by brick, some sheds have roofs using tin of
Subornachar upazila in Bangladesh. Maximum farmers (86.7%) provided adequate
ventilation in buffalo houses/shed. Regarding the summer and winter management
in buffaloes, majority of the farmers (66.7%) practiced summer management
practices to protect buffaloes from extreme heat and
took management care to protect buffaloes from extreme cold.
3.4.
Breeding practices
The
results of the present study revealed (Table3) that the highest percentage
(58.3%) of buffalo keepers practiced only natural mating. Higher proportion of
use of natural service may be due to the non-availability of good
infrastructure facilities for artificial insemination (AI), preservation and
timely AI services in the study area. Sawarkar et al. (2001) reported
that, most of the farmers preferred natural service only due to various
reasons. Hasan et al. (2016) observed that only 25.71% farmers practiced
artificial insemination for oestrous synchronization in Bhola district. Most of
the farmers reported that they cannot detect heat properly but no one used
teaser bull to detect heat. These findings have similarities with the
observations of Hole (2016) who found that 100% of the respondents detect their
buffaloes in heat by using symptoms. Among the various behavioral signs of
estrus, majority (41.7%) of farmers believed on mounting and urination as the
symptoms of heat, whereas 25% of the farmers trusted on bellowing and
discharge, followed by mucus discharge (23.3%) and frequent urination (10%).
3.5. Health care practices
About 66.7 and 60% farmers performed vaccination and
deworming in their buffaloes, respectively (Table 4). The incidence of
foot and mouth disease (FMD) (56.7%) was higher than other diseases like black
quarter (BQ) (20%), anthrax (13.3%) and mastitis (10%). Siddiki et al. (2015)
found that the incidence of foot and mouth disease, black quarter, anthrax and
hemorrhagic septicemia were 53, 25, 15 and 7% respectively at Lalpur upazila of
Natore district. Source of vaccines, anthelmentics and medicine is also an
important factor to control diseases of buffaloes. Majority of the respondents
(65%) depended on local market as source of vaccines, anthelmentics and
medicine. Almost three fourth (73.3%) of the respondents were dependent on
quacks for the treatment of their sick buffaloes due to ignorance and lack of
veterinary facilities in their locality. It was observed that most (78.3%) of
the respondents belong to good to satisfactory sanitary system (Table 4).
3.6. Economics of buffalo
rearing
3.6.1. Cost of buffaloes
The price of buffaloes
varies according to the size, body condition, health status, milk production
and utility. The price of a pair of buffaloes for dual purpose ranged from Tk.
90,000 to Tk. 200000 in this study area. But the highest percentage of the
farmers noticed that the average cost of one pair of buffalo purchasing was Tk.
90000 to Tk. 100000. Amin et al. (2015) found the price of a pair of
buffaloes for dual purpose ranged from Tk. 80000 to Tk. 180000 at Subornochar
upazila of Noakhali district, which is almost similar with the present study.
3.6.2. Rearing cost of
buffaloes
The cost of feeding,
breeding, housing, equipment and treatment is presented in Table 5. The average
cost of labor (per year) was higher than the average cost of feed, housing and
equipment, breeding, veterinary doctor and medicine and vaccine (per year).
Farmers generally bred their buffalo from the neighbor's buffalo bull and they
sometimes artificially inseminate their buffaloes. For this reason, the
breeding cost was low. On the other hand, they usually did not purchase feed
for their buffaloes but during scarcity they purchase feed i.e., straw only.
The average rearing cost of one buffalo per year was Tk. 9570. Amin et al. (2015)
reported that the rearing cost of one buffalo was Tk. 6850 in Subornochar
upazila of Bangladesh. The rearing cost was found higher in Madargonj than that
from Subornochar.
3.6.3. Income from buffalo
rearing
The average income per year
per buffalo through draught was Tk. 15000 followed by milk (Tk. 10000) and dung
(Tk. 1400) (Table 5). The net income from one buffalo per year was Tk. 16830.
It indicates that rearing of buffaloes in the selected areas was profitable.
The findings of the present study coincide with the findings of Sarkar et
al. (2013) who also reported that the annual net income from rearing one
buffalo was Tk. 15630.
3.6.4. Livelihood
improvement of buffalo farmers
The buffalo farmers spent 65.60, 57.24, 40.00, 28.00,
43.61 and 18.18% higher money for purchasing food, cloth, maintaining social
status, education, health care and housing respectively (Table 6) after they
started rearing buffaloes which indicated that livelihood status of buffalo
keeping families was improved in the studied areas. The similar findings were
also noticed by Sarkar et al. (2013) who reported that livelihood
increased dramatically through buffalo rearing in Bagerhat. Hasan et al. (2016)
stated that buffalo rearing in the coastal areas of Bangladesh was highly
profitable. Rahman et al. (2008) reported that the benefit cost ratio
was 1.31, indicating that buffalo rearing was profitable in Bangladesh which is
agreed with the findings of Islam et al. (2017) and Siddiki et al. (2017)
and also support to the findings of present study.
Table 1 : Profile of the farmers, (n=60).
|
Variables |
Categories |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Age (Years) |
Young aged (25-30) |
14 |
23.3 |
|
Middle aged (30-40) |
31 |
51.7 |
|
|
Old aged (Above 40) |
15 |
25 |
|
|
Level of education |
Cannot read and
write |
45 |
75 |
|
Can sign only |
8 |
13.3 |
|
|
Primary (1-5) |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Below SSC (6-10) |
2 |
3.4 |
|
|
Higher level (above
10) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Family size (number)
|
Small family (up to
4) |
17 |
28.3 |
|
Medium family ( 5-7) |
24 |
40 |
|
|
Large family (above
7) |
19 |
31.7 |
|
|
*Farmers’ type |
Landless farmer
(below 0.02 ha) |
0 |
0 |
|
Marginal farmer
(0.02-0.2 ha) |
9 |
15 |
|
|
Small farmer (0.2-1
ha) |
30 |
50 |
|
|
Medium farmer(1- 3
ha) |
20 |
33.3 |
|
|
Large farmer( above
3 ha) |
1 |
1.7 |
|
|
Occupation |
Only buffalo rearing |
22 |
36.7 |
|
Crop farming |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Agriculture plus
livestock rearing |
30 |
50 |
|
|
Chicken and duck
rearing |
3 |
5 |
|
|
Training received |
Yes |
8 |
13.3 |
|
No |
52 |
86.7 |
|
|
Source of capital/ Financial support |
Own capital |
25 |
41.7 |
|
Loan from bank |
27 |
45 |
|
|
NGOs |
8 |
13.3 |
|
|
Purchase at a time |
One |
10 |
16.7 |
|
Two |
35 |
58.3 |
|
|
More than two |
15 |
25 |
Table
2. Housing and feeding management practices, (n=60)
|
Variables |
Categories |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Nature of house |
Tin shed |
17 |
28.3 |
|
Straw shed |
38 |
63.4 |
|
|
Half building |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Housing system |
Open |
42 |
70 |
|
Closed & semi-closed |
18 |
30 |
|
|
Floor type |
Pucca |
8 |
13.3 |
|
Kutcha |
52 |
86.7 |
|
|
Ventilation facilities |
Adequate |
52 |
86.7 |
|
Not adequate |
8 |
13.3 |
|
|
Drainage channel |
Yes |
50 |
83.3 |
|
No |
10 |
16.7 |
|
|
Summer & winter management |
Practiced |
40 |
66.7 |
|
Not practiced |
20 |
33.3 |
|
|
concentrate |
Purchased Mustard oil cake) |
5 |
8.3 |
|
Purchased
(Wheat bran, |
45 |
75 |
|
|
Frequency of feeding |
Not
feeding |
45 |
75 |
|
Once |
42 |
70 |
|
|
Twice |
18 |
30 |
|
|
Three time |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Frequency of watering |
2 time |
48 |
80 |
|
Free access of water |
12 |
20 |
|
|
Regular |
32 |
53.3 |
|
|
Irregular |
10 |
16.7 |
|
|
Not Feeding |
18 |
30 |
Table 3 : Breeding management practices
|
Variables |
Categories |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Breeding method |
Artificial insemination (AI) |
10 |
16.7 |
|
Both AI and Natural |
15 |
25 |
|
|
Only natural |
35 |
58.3 |
|
|
Heat detection |
Yes |
25 |
41.7 |
|
No |
35 |
58.3 |
|
|
Methods of heat detection |
Symptoms |
60 |
100 |
|
Teaser |
00 |
00 |
|
|
Symptoms of heat detection |
Mucus discharge |
14 |
23.3 |
|
Mounting and urination |
25 |
41.7 |
|
|
Bellowing and discharge |
15 |
25 |
|
|
Frequent urination |
6 |
10 |
Table 4 : Health care
practices
|
Variables |
Categories |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Practice of vaccination |
Yes |
40 |
66.7 |
|
No |
20 |
33.3 |
|
|
Practice of deworming |
Yes |
36 |
60 |
|
No |
24 |
40 |
|
|
Practice to control ecto–parasites |
Followed |
31 |
51.7 |
|
Not followed |
29 |
48.3 |
|
|
Incidence of diseases |
Anthrax |
8 |
13.3 |
|
FMD |
34 |
56.7 |
|
|
BQ |
12 |
20 |
|
|
Mastitis |
6 |
10 |
|
|
Source of vaccines,
anthelmentics, medicine |
Local market |
39 |
65 |
|
Treatment of sick buffaloes |
Livestock office |
16 |
26.7 |
|
Calling quack |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Veterinary doctor |
16 |
26.7 |
Table 5. Cost and returns
from buffalo rearing (yearly per buffalo), (n=60).
|
Cost |
Return |
||
|
Items |
Amount (Tk.) |
Items |
Amount (Tk.) |
|
Feed |
2360 |
Draught |
15000 |
|
Housing and equipment |
2240 |
Milk sale |
10000 |
|
Breeding cost |
520 |
Value of dung |
1400 |
|
Labor charges |
3150 |
|
|
|
Veterinary doctor and medicine cost |
1000 |
|
|
|
Vaccine |
300 |
|
|
|
Total Cost |
9570 |
Total Return |
26400 |
|
Net income= Total
Cost- Total Return= Tk. 16830 |
|||
Table 6. Impact of
buffalo rearing on livelihood activities.
|
Category |
Initial value
(Tk.) |
Final value (Tk.) |
Difference (%) |
Rank of order |
|
Food Purchasing |
860 |
2500 |
65.60 |
1 |
|
Cloth Purchasing |
620 |
1450 |
57.24 |
2 |
|
Health care |
750 |
1430 |
43.61 |
3 |
|
Social status |
1200 |
2000 |
40.00 |
4 |
|
Education |
540 |
750 |
28.00 |
5 |
|
Housing |
360 |
440 |
18.18 |
|
DISCUSSION
3.7 : Buffalo population
The world buffalo population
is estimated to be approximately 194.29 million over 42 countries (Hamid et
al., 2016). About 92.5% of the total buffaloes are found in Asia. Within
the Asian, about 71.32% of buffaloes are in South Asia, 12.8% in East Asia and
only 8.4% are found in South-East Asia. Compare to the other Asian countries,
Bangladesh has only The 1.471 million buffaloes (Figure 1) mostly populated in
the coastal regions about 40% (Faruque et al., 1990).
Table 7: Buffalo Population in Bangladesh (2009-10 to
2014-15)
|
Year |
Buffalo population (in lakh) |
|
2014-15 |
13.49 |
|
2015-16 |
13.94 |
|
2016-17 |
14.43 |
|
2018-19 |
14.50 |
|
2019-20 |
14.57 |
Table 8: Buffalo Population in Bakshigonj Upazilla
(2014-2015to 2019-2020)
|
Year |
Buffalo population (in hazar) |
|
2014-15 |
5,540 |
|
2015-16 |
5,890 |
|
2016-17 |
6,780 |
|
2018-19 |
7,650 |
|
2019-20 |
8,230 |
Source
: Record Book,ULO,Bakshigonj
Table 9 : Buffalo Population in union of Bakshigonj Upazilla
(2021 to 2022)
|
Sl No |
Union name |
Buffalo population |
|
1 |
Dhanua-Kamalpur
union |
1760 |
|
2 |
Bogarchar
union |
1157 |
|
3 |
Battajur
union |
789 |
|
4 |
Sadurpara
union |
954 |
Source
: Record Book,ulo,Bakshigonj
3.8 : Opportunities of dairy buffalo development in
Bangladesh
The improvement of dairy
buffalo production could be considered for the following reasons: a huge number
of buffaloes are rearing at free range condition having little milk production.
Those females could be considered under planned development programme described
below for increasing milk production. Buffalo rearing with cattle could reduce
the feed wastage and proper utilization of all types of feeds. Milk price
depends on the fat % of milk. Thus higher milk fat, protein and SNF of buffalo
milk might be a useful concern for milk seller and buyer as well. Public
awareness of buffalo milk should be increase which will play a positive role on
the advancement of dairy buffalo production.
The following could be considered for the development
of dairy buffaloes in Bangladesh: the buffalo farmers should be listed by local
artificial inseminators either by government or private sectors. Buffaloes
reared under farm and semi-extensive condition should be inseminated by the
imported semen of proven buffalo bull. Capacity building of buffalo farmers
should be developed on buffalo farming by training, workshop, field day and
vaccination campaign etc. Exchanging the proved improvement at farm and semi-extensive
levels to the free range buffalo farmers and inspire them to screen and rear
the elite females at home rather than free range. Best to best mating at all
rearing systems should be done according to milk production concept
either by elite bull exchange or artificial insemination.
adopted
by buffalo farmers usually depends on the type of production in which they are
involved. At the rural level production is usually based on a small herd of
mixed ages and sexes generally for draught and breeding purposes. Cattle and
buffaloes are kept at night, and spend the day time grazing for roughage,
together with other animals. Grazing and browsing ranges over practically all
village lands during the dry season but is restricted to upland non-cropped
areas during the rainy season. Animals are more difficult to herd during the
cropping season and buffaloes are considered to be more difficult to herd than
cattle. Sometimes the whole village herd will lie down together in mud wallows
remaining asleep or ruminating till evening. By about after noon they emerge
out of their mud wallows covered with grey slime and graze on roads and other
aquatic herbage till late in the evening.
3.9 : Problem of
buffalo production
· Lack of knowledge about the quality of buffalo milk
and meat lack of knowledge about feed utilization capacity, adaptability and
disease resistance capacity of buffalo.
· Lack of public awareness about buffalo husbandry like
their housing.
· Lack of high
yielding buffalo breed. The indigenous buffaloes are low producers as a result
they can not reached optimum production.
· Scarcity of quality feeds, fodder and pasture land
· Laek of technical skills about buffalo production of
farm holders
· Lack of long-term breed development policy and
research programme. Do not provide any encouragement and needs proper breeding
programme to its productivity.The low productivity is due to the genetic
characters of the breed and also supply of poor quality ration to the animals.
Production mainly depends on genetic characters, good ration, good management
and climatic conditions of an area
· No or limited facilities to breed improvement
technologies
· Lack of breeding infrastructure
· Non-availability of records
· Non-availability of proven bulls
· Lack of coordination within research and government
organizations, universities, NGOs and beneficiaries
· Recommendations of buffalo development in Bangladesh
· Developing/strengthening the breeding infrastructure
in the SAARC countries
· In intensive production system, continuous up gradation
of native buffaloes in the plain land with imported semen of Murrah, Nili-Ravi
or Mediterranean breed having milk yield production potentiality of 3,000
kg/lactation.
· In semi-intensive production system, crossbreeding of
native buffaloes with Murrah or Nili Ravi and fixed 50% exotic bloods followed
by inter se mating
· In low input production system, crossbreeding of
native buffaloes with Murrah or Nili Ravi and fixed 50% exotic bloods followed
by inter se mating
Ø Feeds and Feeding problems
Feeds and feeding of buffalo in Bangladesh is shown in
Table 7. The major feed for buffalo is rice straw, crop residues supplemented
with marginal quantities of cereal and oil seed by-products and weeds from crop
fields (Saadullah, 1990). Lack of quality feeds, fodder and pasture land for
buffalo rearing; hence, nutritional deficiency cause poor production profile of
buffaloes in Bangladesh. Buffaloes are raised mainly under a semi-intensive
system on plain land and marshy land where there is limited pasture land.
Recently, an intensive system for buffalo production is practiced by Lal teer
Livestock Limited. The basal diet for buffaloes is rice straw, poor quality
roughage having inadequate source of energy and protein. Buffaloes are allowed
to graze on natural pasture, fallow land or road side during the day time. No
concentrate or mineral supplements are usually fed. For milch buffaloes, the
calves are usually separated from the dam in the evening or night and the
milking only once in the morning. Sugarcane leaves, micro silage of sugarcane
leaves, cassava leaves, roadside grass, elephant grass, and maize with corn cob
and pineapple bran are also rearly used as feeding stuffs (Faruque, 2003).
However, buffalo in the tropical area for feeding systems are based on
unrestricted grazing, tethering or stall-feeding and free grazing, sometimes
under the control of herders, is common in countries with native grasslands and
fallows. Tethering and stall-feeding are practiced in areas where there is
limited land and with cropping. In many situations, there appeared to be
roughage limitations for animals in the stall-feeding and tethering systems
(Wanapat and Chanthakhoun, 2009).In the household farming, after morning
milking, buffaloes were allowed to graze in fallow or road side land up to
evening that covers approximately 8-9 hours per day. From the evening to next
morning, animals were tied up in homestead and they were offered mainly rice
straw with little concentrate mixtures (wheat bran, rice bran, rice polish
etc.). However, in bathan farming, buffaloes were raised in the open
grazing area throughout the year. Except calves, all buffaloes (adult and
growing heifers) were allowed to graze freely in the public land. In the
evening, calves were enclaved in an area locally called “kella” to protect from
wild animals. Any extra feed was not provided to buffalo in bathan farming
(Uddin et al., 2016).
Ø Poor reproduction
Delayed puberty, seasonal breeding, long calving
interval, and poor estrus detection hampered the reproductive efficiency in the
female buffalo. The reproductive characteristics of buffaloes in Bangladesh are
presented in Table 8. Most of the respondents reported that the average age at
first heat was between 39 and 40 months in both household and bathan farming
(Uddin et al., 2016). Nahar et al. (2012) also found similar
findings of age of first heat in Mymensingh and Laximpur district. It was
reported (Mudgal, 1999) that the age at first calving for Nili-Ravi buffaloes
ranges from 30-54 months and for Khundi buffaloes ranges from 48-57 months. The
natural mating system was practiced in both the system of farming and
artificial Insemination (AI) was not yet practiced commercially in Bangladesh
due to the weakness of oestrus symptoms and variability of oestrus length in
buffalo. The review of Huque and Shahjahan (2016) showed the reproductive
performances of Bangladeshi male and female buffaloes with different genotypes
which agreed the few parts of present contents on reproduction.
Ø Summer
anoestrus in buffalo
Domestic buffaloes have a tendency to
breed seasonally (Basu, 1962; Qureshi et al., 1999) showing a suspension
of sexual activity during summer in almost all parts of the world (Hafez, 1955;
Chaudhry, 1988; Shah, 1990). During this period, they remain sexually inactive
without any signs of oestrus. This condition is popularly known as summer
anoestrus. The incidence of summer anoestrus generally varies between 36.6% and
59.5% (Luktuke and Sharma, 1978; Singh et al., 1989). Furthermore, it
was reported to be higher in nomadic buffaloes (83.0%) than the housed rural
ones (63.0%) (Brar and Nanda, 2004). Summer anoestrus may be due to direct
exposure to sunlight in the former case. The condition is characterized by
inactive, smooth ovaries (Roy et al., 1972), abnormal hormonal profiles
(Razdan, 1988). Serum or plasma gonadotrophin levels (ng⁄ml) in buffaloes
during summer season are given in Table 9. Several factors like environment,
hormones, nutrition and management have been proposed to cause summer anoestrus
in buffaloes. Thermal stress is one among the environmental factors that play a
very significant role. The effect of thermal stress and season on dairy cattle
reproduction has been reviewed in several recent published reports (Wolfenson et
al., 2000; De Rensis and Scaramuzzi, 2003). Post-partum anoestrus in
buffalo has also been summarized in a number of reviews (Gupta and Das, 1994;
El-Wishy, 2007a,b)
During hot summer months, buffaloes show
hyper-prolactinemia (Sheth et al., 1978). Buffalo heifers show seasonal
changes in the level of circulating FSH which coincide with the pattern of
breeding (Sheth et al., 1978; Janakiraman et al., 1980). The
lowest value was observed in the non-breeding season (March to June) during hot
months. In general, the FSH level in anoestrus buffalo‟s remains low (Heranjal et
al., 1979b; Madan, 1987) when compared with the basal level (Heranjal et
al., 1979a) recorded in normal cycling buffaloes (Table 9). Luteinizing
hormone plays an important role in contributing ovarian inactivity in buffaloes
during summer months (Razdan et al., 1981). The secretion was lower
during summer compared to winter (Heranjal et al., 1979b; Razdan et
al., 1981).
Ø Buffalo diseases
The retrospective study findings
revealed that high incidence of hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) and calf pneumonia,
helminthiais, enteritis and mastitis as the major disease problems for buffalo
production in Bangladesh (Figure 3). To study the status of clinical and
subclinical mastitis, a total of 114 milk samples were randomly collected from
buffalo cows. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in buffalo
was found to be 23.68% and 31.57%, respectively. Hemorrhagic septicemia and calf pneumonia were reported to be the
major disease problems by the farmers and local vets (Islam et al., 2016).
Figure 4. Overall diseases status of buffaloes in
some regions of Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2016).
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS
The
results showed that problem and prospects of buffalo rearing prevailed among the buffalo keepers were not
in tune of standard recommendations rather buffaloes were raised depending upon
the knowledge from their ancestors from long age practiced. No attempts were
made to improve the problems of buffalo
rearing but find out the profitability. Need to improve quality feeds,
technical skill , pasture land availability , high yielding buffalo breed, proven
bulls etc.
The
result clearly indicated that livelihood increases dramatically through buffalo
rearing in the study area although the buffalo farmers need to be provided
knowledge and skill through training in scientific management practices.
Recommendations
ü Developing/strengthening
the breeding infrastructure
ü Conservation
of the swamp buffaloes at greater Sylhet and Chittagong districtst
through establishment of farms in respective regions.
ü Breeding,
feeding and disease preventive measures should be adjusted accordingly. ü Reproductive
biotechnology should not be ignored.
ü Public
awareness for buffalo production by different media.
ü Quality
fodder seed production farms should be established
ü
Increase the land for fodder production should be ensured.
ü Development
of manpower by technical training should be ascertained.
ü National
research and international collaboration should be strengthened.
ü Buffalo
milk and meat market and infrastructure should be developed.
ü Private
investment is to be explored and encouraged to invest in buffalo
development infrastructure including
marketing of milk and meat products in the country.
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